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12th Century

Region

Byzantine Empire • Norse-Scottish Empire • Caliphate of Cordoba • Anglo-Saxon England • Holy Roman Empire • Muslim Egypt

Power shift

Byzantine growth • Norse-Scottish emergence • Caliphate revival • Anglo-Saxon independence • Holy Roman fragmentation

Cultural movements

Byzantine expansionism • Norse-Scottish unification • Cordoban science and learning • Anglo-Saxon continuity • Holy Roman diversity

Military conflicts

Viking Crusades against Egypt

12th Century