| Period | Early Modern |
| Time period | First half of 17th century |
| Artistic flourishing | New styles and forms • Poetry, art, and music |
| Rapid population growth | Western Europe • American colonies |
| European political changes | Conflicts over power • Territorial disputes |
| Social and political movements | Humanism • Enlightenment ideas |
| Agriculture and food production growth | New farming techniques • Introduction of new plant varieties |
| Seafaring and ship design advancements | Long-distance voyages and trade expansion |
