Born | 1894, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
Death | 1936, under mysterious circumstances |
Reign | 1922-1936 |
Father | |
Legacy | Subject of historical debate |
Spouse | |
Policies | Modernization • Industrialization |
Religion | Islam |
Assessments | Well-intentioned • Ineffective ruler |
Predecessor | |
Major challenges | Dissatisfied citizens • Gradual dissolution of the empire |