| Type | Biotechnology |
| Field | |
| Advantages | Beneficial treatments • Improved mental abilities • Behavioral modification |
| Components | Genetic engineering • Neural mapping • Noninvasive brain stimulation |
| Applications | Medical treatment • Cognitive enhancement • Psychiatry |
| Ethical Concerns | Coercion • Exploitation • Privacy invasions • Unauthorized cognitive manipulation |
| Notable Contributors | Edward Boyden • Karl Deisseroth • Sergiu P. Pasca • Hongkui Zeng |
