| Born | |
| Died | 30 May 1431, Rouen, France |
| Name | Joan d'Arc |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Feast day | |
| Patronage | France • Martyrs • Prisoners • Rape victims • Soldiers |
| Profession | General |
| Nationality | French |
| Notable accomplishments | Led French forces to victory in the 100 Years' War • Crowned King Charles VII • Canonized |
Joan of Arc, or Jeanne d'Arc in French, was a significant figure during the Hundred Years' War, who played a pivotal role in shifting the tide of the conflict in favor of the French forces. Born into a peasant family in Domrémy-la-Pucelle, Northwest France, Joan claimed to speak to angels and various saints, including Archangel Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret. According to her accounts, these entities directed her to influence the French royal court and lead their armed forces against English invaders.
Initially, the French court dismissed Joan's claims and her ambitions to take personal command of the war effort. However, after witnessing several prophecies she made come true, King Charles VII granted Joan an audience in Chinon, France. Upon meeting the soon-to-be monarch, Joan correctly identified him despite his assumption of an identity to test her abilities. Impressed by her purported divine connection, King Charles later granted her the title of commander, equipping her with a full suit of armor and an army to marshal.
By 1429, Joan set off to lead the French forces into battle. She was a crucial factor in breaking the English siege at Orléans and liberating the city. Joan's subsequent victories, especially after she successfully endorsed and strategized the Battle of Patay, led to the eventual crowning of King Charles VII at Reims Cathedral. This monumental event effectively ended French internal conflict while empowering Joan as the nation's spiritual and military leader.
Although some criticized her contributions to the military sphere, the decisive victories she enabled cemented her legacy as a highly distinguished fighter and strategist. In opposition to many contemporary religious interpretations, Joan d'Arc emphasized that gender should not determine a person's ability to succeed in combat or take control over a military force. The inspirational symbol she became to many women is still celebrated today, with her sacrifice and unwavering determination continuing to serve as a beacon for those who defy societal norms and expectations.
Following Joan's death on May 30, 1431, by burning at the stake, she was posthumously canonized and officially recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church in 1920. Precariously controversial during her lifetime, her legacy persists as a spiritual figure reifying hope and eventual deliverance. Her remarkable story of bravery, resilience, and martyrdom has found its way into various artistic and cultural representations, including films, stage plays, and literary works. Her importance to French history and identity remains pivotal, as she remains one of the few leading figures who helped shape the course of the French monarchy and the nation's modern identity.
Joan d'Arc's persistent influence on both military and social history has been profound and long-lasting. Her unwavering pursuit of justice and her ability to overcome tremendous odds stand as an enduring symbol of strength and determination. In contrast to the traditional gender roles and expectations of her time, Joan d'Arc emerged as one of history's most iconic female figures in leadership and military prowess, with her legacy remaining a benchmark for defying convention and challenging perceptions of female capabilities in strategic warfare and command.
