| Era | Early modern to 21st century |
| Region | Western Europe |
| Economy | Prosperous |
| Microstates | Numerous and diverse |
| Notable events | Domination by Italian Empire • 19th-century revolutions • Industrial era environmental crises • 21st-century prosperity and democracy |
| Political system | Democratic |
| Environmental focus | Sustainability |
| Historical challenges | Lack of strong nation-states • Industrial era environmental issues |
