| Causes | Rapid industrialization |
| Effects | Real-world skills and problem-solving focus • Neglect of social and cultural subjects • Incorporation of technology in schools |
| Subject | Educational reform movement |
| Emphasis | Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) |
| Criticisms | Lack of focus on the humanities |
| Time period | Early 21st century |
| Impact on universities | Structural changes • Mission changes • Industry focus |
