| Field | |
| Pioneers | Mathematicians • Philosophers • Inventors |
| Inventions | Secret writing forms • Mathematical logic • Printing technologies |
| Major goals | Understanding nature of information • Transmission of information |
| Other names | Information Science |
| Applications | Warfare • Governance |
| Implications | Politics • Society • Art of war |
| Originated in | Berlin • Vienna • Copenhagen |
| Originated around | Mid-18th century |
