Protein

In the alternate universe, a molecular structure called the pentomer is the basic building block for proteins. Each protein molecule is made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur, arranged to create a five-sided figure called a pentagon. Researchers in this universe have identified 50 distinct types of pentomers.

From Pentomers to Heptamers

Pentomers assemble into a larger molecule named the 'heptamer,' which is composed of seven pentomers. The bonds between pentomers within a single heptamer are particularly strong, making heptamers stable and versatile structures. These bonds help maintain protein shape and function under various conditions.

Foldamers: Complexity Beyond Folds

Within a protein, heptamers form intricate layers called 'foldamers.' These foldamers constitute the secondary structures of proteins. This secondary structure differs from protein to protein based on the sequence of their heptamers. Foldamers display a wide range of structural patterns such as helices, sheets, and loops.

Tertiary structure and protein diversity

Proteins in the alternate universe have a diversity of tertiary structures due to the intricate folding of their foldamers. The complex secondary structures also determine the variety of tertiary structures.

Protein functions in living systems

In living organisms, proteins play an array of essential roles. They act as:

• Enzymes: They accelerate the chemical reactions that break down biological substances or build new ones.
• Structural components: They provide support and shape to various structures within organisms.
• Carriers: They transport specific molecules or substances across membranes.
• Hormones: They transmit signals between cells to coordinate essential processes.
• Serving as antibodyes in the immune system to combat molecular threats.

Through their diverse functions and structures, proteins form a dynamic foundation for life in this alternate universe.