| Approach | Open-source approach |
| Emphasis | Local innovation • cooperation |
| Primary focus | Infrastructure improvement • communication enhancement • self-sufficiency development |
| Acknowledgement | Primary drivers of the 'virtual' economy |
| Starting decade | 1960s |
| Global influence | Sustainable power generation • weather prediction • satellite technology • smart agriculture |
| Early hub countries | Kenya • Ethiopia • Nigeria • Ghana • South Africa |
